Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Click here for more information on Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 3e

Click here to sign up for SAGE Journal Email Alerts today!

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Shulruf, B.
Right arrow Articles by Dixon, R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Development of a New Measurement Tool for Individualism and Collectivism

Boaz Shulruf

University of Auckland, New Zealand

John Hattie

University of Auckland, New Zealand

Robyn Dixon

University of Auckland, New Zealand

A new measurement tool for individualism and collectivism has been developed to address critical methodological issues in this field of social psychology. This new measure, the Auckland Individualism and Collectivism Scale (AICS), defines three dimensions of individualism: (a) responsibility (acknowledging one's responsibility for one's actions), (b) uniqueness (distinction of the self from the other), and (c) competitiveness (striving for personal goals is one's prime interest). The scale also defines two dimensions of collectivism: (a) advice (seeking advice from people close to one, before taking decisions) and (b) harmony (seeking to avoid conflict). The AICS avoids the need for measuring horizontal and vertical dimensions of collectivism and individualism and the confounding effect of familialism on the collectivism—individualism constructs.

Key Words: collectivism • individualism • cross-cultural • measurement • test construction

References

  • Altrocchi, J., & Altrocchi, L. (1995). Polyfaceted psychological acculturation in Cook Islanders. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 26(4), 426-440.[Abstract]
  • Andersen, S.M., Reznik, I., & Chen, S. (1997). The self in relation to others: Cognitive and motivational underpinnings. In J. G. Snodgrass & R. L. Thompson (Eds.), The self across psychology (pp. 233-275). New York: Academy of Sciences.
  • Arbuckle, J.L. (2003). AMOS (version 5). Chicago: Smallwaters Corp.
  • Bachman, J.G., & O'Malley, P.M. (1984). Black-White differences in self-esteem: Are they affected by response styles? American Journal of Sociology, 90, 624-639.[CrossRef]
  • Brown, G. (2004). Measuring attitude with positively packed self-report ratings: Comparison of agreement and frequency scales. Psychological Reports, 94, 1015-1024.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Browne, M.W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Chiou, J.-S. (2001). Horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism among college students in the United States, Taiwan, and Argentina. Journal of Social Psychology, 141(5), 667-678.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Clarke, I., III. (2000). Extreme response style in cross-cultural research: An empirical investigation. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(1), 137-152.[Web of Science]
  • Conway, J.M., & Huffcutt, A.I. (2003). A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 147-168.[Abstract]
  • Fischer, C.S. (2000, August). Just how is it that Americans are individualistic? Paper presented at the American Sociological Association, Washington, DC.
  • Fiske, A.P. (1992). The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review, 99(4), 689-723.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Fiske, A.P. (2002). Using individualism and collectivism to compare cultures—A critique of the validity and measurement of the constructs: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 78-88.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Freeman, M.A., & Bordia, P. (2001). Assessing alternative models of individualism and collectivism: A confirmatory factor analysis. European Journal of Personality, 15(2), 105-121.[Web of Science]
  • Gaines, S.O., Marelich, W.D., Bledsoe, K.L., Steers, W.N., Henderson, M.C., Granrose, C.S., et al. (1997). Links between race/ethnicity and cultural values as mediated by racial/ethnic identity and moderated by gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1460-1476.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Gudykunst, W.B. (1997). Cultural variability in communication: An introduction. Communication Research, 24(4), 327-348.[Abstract]
  • Hague, P. (1993). Questionnaire design. London: Kogan Page.
  • Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Harrington, L., & Liu, J.H. (2002). Self-enhancement and attitudes toward high achievers: A bicultural view of the independent and interdependent self. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(1), 37-55.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Heine, S.J., Lehman, D.R., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. (2002). What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?: The reference-group effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 903-918.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Hewson, D.A. (2002). Individualism and collectivism: A comparison of Maori and Pakeha self-concepts. Unpublished masters thesis, Waikato University, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International di ferences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Holtgraves, T. (1997). Styles of language use: Individual and cultural variability in conversational indirectness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 624-637.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Hsu, F.L. (1983). Rugged individualism reconsidered. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
  • Hui, C. ( 1988). Measurement of individualism-collectivism. Journal of Research in Personality, 22(1), 17-36.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & McAuliffe, B.J. (2002). "We're all individuals": Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification and identity threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(2), 189-207.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Ji, L.-J., Schwarz, N., & Nisbett, R.E. (2000). Culture, autobiographical memory, and behavioral frequency reports: Measurement issues in cross-cultural studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(5), 585-593.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S.-C., & Yoon, G. (Eds.). (1994). Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Kwan, V.S., Bond, M.H., & Singelis, T.M. (1997). Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(5), 1038-1051.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Levine, T.R., Bresnahan, M.J., Park, H.S., Lapinski, M.K., Wittenbaum, G.M., Shearman, S.M., et al. (2003). Self-construal scales lack validity. Human Communication Research, 29(2), 210-252.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Matsumoto, D. (1999). Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama's theory of independent and interdependent self-construal. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(3), 289-310.[CrossRef]
  • Oppenheim, A.N. (1966). Questionnaire design and attitude measurement. London: Heinemann.
  • Oyserman, D., Coon, H.M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3-72.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Peng, K., Nisbett, R.E., & Wong, N.Y. (1997). Validity problems comparing values across cultures and possible solutions. Psychological Methods, 2(4), 329-344.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Realo, A., Koido, K., Ceulema, E., & Allik, J. (2002). Three components of individualism. European Journal of Personality, 16, 163-184.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Reykowski, J. (1994). Collectivism and individualism as dimensions of social change. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 276-292). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Test of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research— Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Schwarz, N. (1999). Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers. American Psychologist, 54(2), 93-105.[CrossRef]
  • Schwarz, N., & Oyserman, D. (2001). Asking questions about behavior: Cognition, communication, and questionnaire construction. American Journal of Evaluation, 22(2), 127-160.[Abstract]
  • Singelis, T.M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580-591.[Abstract]
  • Singelis, T.M., Triandis, H., Bhawuk, D., & Gelfand, M.J. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Science, 29(3), 240-275.
  • Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  • Triandis, H. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51(4), 407-415.[CrossRef]
  • Triandis, H.C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907-924.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Triandis, H., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M.J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self in group relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(2), 323-338.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Triandis, H., & Gelfand, M. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 118-128.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Triandis, H.C., & Suh, E.M. (2002). Cultural influences on personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 133-160.
  • Voronov, M., & Singer, J.A. (2002). The myth of individualism-collectivism: A critical review. Journal of Social Psychology, 142(4), 461-480.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

This version was published on December 1, 2007

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, Vol. 25, No. 4, 385-401 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0734282906298992
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Journal of Psychoeducational AssessmentHome page
A. Desoete, P. Stock, A. Schepens, D. Baeyens, and H. Roeyers
Classification, Seriation, and Counting in Grades 1, 2, and 3 as Two-Year Longitudinal Predictors for Low Achieving in Numerical Facility and Arithmetical Achievement?
Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, June 1, 2009; 27(3): 252 - 264.
[Abstract] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Shulruf, B.
Right arrow Articles by Dixon, R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?